Growth rate of a rank-one eigenvalue

Let xn=(1,2,,n)Rnx_n = (1, 2, \dots, n)^\top \in \mathbb{R}^n and define the n×nn \times n matrix An=xnxnA_n = x_n x_n^\top. For each nn, AnA_n has exactly one nonzero eigenvalue λn\lambda_n. Find the integer kk for which λnnk\dfrac{\lambda_n}{n^k} converges to a finite, nonzero limit as nn \to \infty.

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  1. An=xnxnA_n = x_n x_n^\top is rank one. Its only nonzero eigenvalue equals xnxnx_n^\top x_n (its trace).
  2. That is i=1ni2\sum_{i=1}^n i^2. What power of nn does it grow like?

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Asked at: Citadel, Two Sigma

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