The all-pay auction

In an all-pay auction, every bidder pays their bid but only the highest bidder wins the item. Qualitatively, how does this change bidding versus a standard first-price auction?

Show hints (2)+
  1. Losing now costs you your bid.
  2. Equilibrium involves randomizing and shading.

Answer

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Bidders shade heavily and mix (randomize) bids, since losers still pay

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