Even heads with one fair coin

You have nn coins on the table. Exactly one of them is a fair coin; each of the other n1n-1 coins is biased and lands heads with probability pp, where 0<p<10 < p < 1 (the biased coins need not share the same pp). You flip all nn coins at once. What is the probability that the total number of heads is even?

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  1. Condition on everything except the fair coin. Once the biased coins are fixed, is the parity of their heads-count determined?
  2. A fair coin flips the running parity with probability exactly one half - so what does the final parity look like, no matter the rest?

Answer

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0.5

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